Bivalnik

MERCEDES-BENZ V 250 CDI LANG MARCO POLO TISCH-PAKET NAVI AHK

Stanje: novo, moč: 110 kW (149,56 KM), število postelj: 4, vrsta goriva: dizel, vrsta prenosa: samodejen, skupna dolžina: 5.880 mm, skupna širina: 2.160 mm, skupna višina: 2.910 mm, konfiguracija osi: 2 osi, emisijski razred: Euro 6, skupna masa: 3.200 kg, Leto izdelave: 2024, Oprema: ABS, centralno zaklepanje, elektronski program stabilnosti (ESP), filter saj, klimatska naprava, kopalnica, navigacijski sistem, parkirni grelec, Unused daily registration: 05/2025 Garage door 55 x 110 cm, left Insect protection door, roof hatch (He-Ki) 70 x 50 cm Special "CUVISION" decal BRAND emblem at the rear, black/chrome Smooth aluminum sheet, Ascot Grey High-quality tailor-made seat covers Windscreen wiper interval control Electrically adjustable/external mirrors Front bumper painted in body color 17" alloy wheels Air conditioning with manual controls Premium multifunction display with multifunction steering wheel (3-spoke) Lumbar supports for driver and passenger seats Heated cab seats Front and side window blackout blinds Emergency braking assistant Adaptive cruise control (ACC) High beam assist: "Light Assist" Tire pressure monitoring system Fog lights including cornering lights LED main headlights "Discover Media" navigation system Including inductive charging cradle Heated windscreen washer nozzles Chassis, solid-color paintwork: Ascot Grey LED daytime running lights 17" Tires: VW T6.1 3,200kg 110kW/150PS, Automatic transmission Driver and passenger seats with armrests Preparation for "We Connect" and "We Connect Plus" Height adjustment for driver’s seat Fatigue detection system Upgrade to 3,500 kg gross vehicle weight 230 V SCHUKO socket (kitchen, 1 unit) Rear view camera including wiring USB socket (1 pc.), in rear Ambient LED lighting Diesel heater: TRUMA Combi 4 D Insulated, heated waste water tank hood "bluuwater" water filter system Awning 305 x 250 cm, anthracite, with LED strip for awning Roof hatch (lift/tilt) 70 x 50 cm clear Front upholstery: WINTER WHITE "CUVISION" Slide-out bed for two Mobile storage boxes – sleeping area Number of approved seats: 4 No liability for transmission errors by the online platforms. We also offer financing. For this, we work together with Targo Bank, Santander Bank, and Consors Finanz Bank to secure the best possible terms for you. Trade-in of your used vehicle is also possible. On the day of handover, you will also receive an orientation from our technician so you are well prepared for your holiday. All information provided without guarantee. Subject to change and error. Business hours: Mon-Fri: 08:00 - 18:00 Saturday: closed Lhodpjvycrqefx Ab Hod * Despite all care and diligence, errors in this specific vehicle description cannot be excluded. The description serves only general identification of the vehicle and does not form a contractual component in the legal sense. Only the agreements in the purchase contract are binding. The precise specification will be provided by your local sales advisor. * Interim sale and errors are expressly reserved for this offer. The vehicle description serves only general identification and does not constitute a warranty in the legal sense of the purchase. Only the agreements in the order confirmation or purchase contract are binding. The exact specification will be provided by our sales staff. Please contact us.

Stanje: rabljeno, prevoženi kilometri: 81.500 km, moč: 151 kW (205,30 KM), število postelj: 4, vrsta goriva: dizel, vrsta prenosa: samodejen, barva: bela, prva registracija: 01/2019, naslednji pregled (TÜV): 03/2026, skupna dolžina: 8.690 mm, skupna širina: 2.400 mm, skupna višina: 3.490 mm, emisijski razred: Euro 6, skupna masa: 7.490 kg, Leto izdelave: 2019, Oprema: garancija za rabljena vozila, klimatska naprava, kopalnica, navigacijski sistem, Hello and welcome to Reisemobile Dülmen! Would you like to discover the world on four wheels – with your own caravan or motorhome? Then you’ve come to the right place! Whether on site or conveniently via video consultation, our experienced team is here for you, providing personal advice and valuable tips about mobile travel. New for you: Schedule an appointment easily and without obligation using WhatsApp – we'll show you your desired vehicle live and answer all your questions. Ledpfx Aov R Ar Seb Hshd We look forward to meeting you – digitally or in person at our location! Your team at Reisemobile Dülmen --- Engine / Chassis: Iveco Daily 3.0 L Power: 151 kW / 205 HP Transmission: Automatic Mileage: 81,500 km Permissible total weight: 90 kg Bed(s): Double bed, drop-down bed Seating area: Side and L-shaped seating group Upholstery: Micro leather Atlantic Wood decor: Trend ---SPECIAL EQUIPMENT: * IVECO chassis package for 70 C 18 (engine variant C 21, 154 kW / 210 HP, ZF 8-speed automatic transmission, leather multifunction steering wheel (non-removable), electrical and technical preparation for tow bar, rear axle differential lock) * Fuel tank approx. 200 liters (instead of standard tank) * Original IVECO retarder * Air suspension front and rear axles, 'Auto-Level' and various special functions (only in combination with alloy wheels) * Active-Air chassis (only in combination with air suspension front + rear axle) * Daily “Wide-Axle” front axle * Fixed tow bar up to 3,500 kg * 12-Volt LED front headlights, low/high beam and indicators (only with rear axle air suspension) * Hydraulic leveling system with automatic leveling incl. touch panel and WiFi module for app control * Detachable steering wheel for improved driver's seat rotation and theft protection * Seat heating for standard seats * Flush-fitted, insulated double-glazed cab side windows with electric operation * Electric roof awning 6.0 m, with dimmable LED lighting, remote control * Exterior decor in carbon look, side panels * LED storage compartment lighting * NOVEL living concept (sofa open to the living area, mineral composite kitchen worktop, double sink and generous work surface, full-extension drawers in kitchen base unit, Nespresso machine, capsule holder, and 230 V socket) * Roof vent fan in kitchen instead of basic roof vent * Drop-down bed with electric operation (in place of front overhead cabinets) * Rear bed with multi-zone EvoPore mattress and 'Watergel' top layer * Solar system with 4 x 130 watt maximum output * 'Energy Lithium-Power' electrical package (instead of series): 1 x lithium-ion battery (100% usable capacity = Ah), combined charger/inverter 3,000 W, up to 120 A charging capacity, with power selection/grid compensation (power-sharing), fully automatic top-class battery protection, premium control panel * 1 additional lithium battery Ah (only with E-Package Lithium Power, total 4 batteries) * Navigation system with 9” touchscreen and DAB/DAB+ tuner, two additional speakers, include double reversing camera with shutter, Bluetooth hands-free kit * Oyster V satellite TV system with 32” LED flat screen in the overhead dinette cabinet (passenger side) with glass doors, electric lowering, 85 cm mirror, fully automatic alignment, multi-user capability via TWIN-LNB

Stanje: rabljeno, prevoženi kilometri: 67.065 km, moč: 109 kW (148,20 KM), prva registracija: 03/2014, vrsta goriva: dizel, skupna masa: 4.500 kg, naslednji pregled (TÜV): 05/2026, barva: bela, vrsta prenosa: samodejen, emisijski razred: Euro 5, vzmetenje: drugo, število sedežev: 4, število postelj: 4, Oprema: klimatska naprava, kopalnica, parkirni grelec, spojka prikolice, Sun awning, rear supports, fully automatic 65 cm satellite antenna, central seating area, rear garage, separate shower, fixed bed, refrigerator with freezer compartment, gas heating, 4 seat belts, one previous owner, green emission sticker (Euro 4), spare wheel, reversing camera, TV, diesel automatic transmission, 4 seats, Euro 5 green emission sticker, reversing camera, air conditioning, auxiliary heater, tow bar, beds for 2–4 people, dinette, automatic satellite system, TV, shower, washbasin, toilet, overhead storage cabinets, sink, gas hob, refrigerator with freezer, roof hatch, hydraulic levelling system, awning, spare wheel, garage, storage space, permissible total weight 4,500 kg, garaged vehicle, one previous owner. Lhsdpfsx Dbprsx Ab Hed FOR US, CONDITION AND PEACE OF MIND ARE THE MOST IMPORTANT; PRICE COMES SECOND. A very well-maintained motorhome from its first senior owner, with low mileage. For further inquiries, please feel free to contact Mr. Schlägel at the provided number. *TRADE-IN, PURCHASE, OR FINANCING OF YOUR VEHICLE POSSIBLE!* All information without guarantee. More offers can be found on our website. The description and specified data do not constitute a guarantee and are non-binding. The only binding agreement is the sales contract concluded at the dealership upon purchase of the vehicle. Subject to errors and prior sale!

Stanje: rabljeno, prevoženi kilometri: 2.500 km, moč: 375 kW (509,86 KM), prva registracija: 10/2025, vrsta goriva: dizel, skupna masa: 26.000 kg, konfiguracija osi: 3 osi, zavore: retarder, barva: srebrn, vrsta prenosa: samodejen, emisijski razred: Euro 6, Oprema: ABS, klimatska naprava, navigacijski sistem, parkirni grelec, MB ACTROS 2653 GIGA STX EXCLUSIVE HORSE TRUCK FOR 5 HORSES ///NEW MODEL/// 5 horse stalls, side and rear ramp, slide-out, pop-up, lower kitchen, basement/storage under living area, storage compartments surrounding the truck, 6 kW diesel generator, 550-liter fresh water tank, 300-liter waste water tank, 5-6 sleeping berths, living room, extra-large bed above bathroom, rear entrance door, video surveillance and temperature monitoring for horse compartment. LG stationary air conditioning, Kabola water heating system with underfloor heating, dishwasher, 2 TVs with satellite, high-quality wood interior, bathroom, shower, WC, air conditioning, kitchen, leather seating area, microwave, refrigerator and freezer, exterior tack locker, winch, cruise control, alloy wheels, navigation system, air suspension, steerable rear axle, trailer coupling, and much more. Lhedpex Hm R Aofx Ab Hed Errors/input mistakes & prior sale excepted. * NET PURCHASE POSSIBLE. * Top leasing options available. Location and viewing of our vehicles: STX HORSETRUCKS GERMANY Hamburgerstrasse 65 23816 Leezen Sales and service of all makes in the field of horse transporters and trailers. Please arrange an appointment in advance. Contact: Richard Theurer / Andreas Theurer

Stanje: rabljeno, število postelj: 4, barva: bela, prva registracija: 04/2015, naslednji pregled (TÜV): 02/2024, skupna dolžina: 6.953 mm, skupna širina: 2.320 mm, skupna višina: 2.490 mm, konfiguracija osi: 1 os, skupna masa: 1.500 kg, prevoženi kilometri: 1 km, Oprema: je imel nesrečo, !!! SPECIAL PRICE !!! ONLY WHILE STOCKS LAST!!! !!! AVAILABLE ONLY AT DORSTEN BRANCH !!! Caravan FEND BIANCO Model K65 Accident vehicle Limited roadworthiness. The rear right of the caravan is damaged. Permissible gross weight: 1,500 kg Unladen weight: 1,050 kg Body: 1 door Model K65 The drive shaft of the mover is broken. Caravan features: CHASSIS * Wind-down supports * Electric maneuvering system * Tempo 100 approval * Anti-sway hitch * Shock absorbers * Spare wheel holder in the gas box BODY * External storage compartment hatch * Awning light * Opening windows * Blinds and insect screens HEATING/AIR CONDITIONING * Gas heater * Recirculation system KITCHEN * Refrigerator with freezer compartment * 3-burner stove SANITARY * Hot water * Cassette toilet * Waste water roll tank * Fresh water tank GAS * Gas bottle holder for 2 x 11 kg cylinders A bicycle rack is shown in the photos, but it is not included in the sale!!! Lhedpfx Ajwu Rvljb Hed The sale is subject to the margin scheme according to § 25a UStG (second-hand items/special regulation). Separate VAT disclosure for used and reconditioned goods is not permitted. The vehicle description is for general identification purposes only and does not constitute a warranty in terms of sales law. The seller is not liable for typographical or data transmission errors. Subject to alterations, entry errors, mistakes, and prior sale. Availability: immediately, if in stock, or delivery time upon request! Visit us also at: Illustrations may not correspond to the standard equipment, technical changes (e.g. tire sizes) reserved. =.=.=.=.=.=.=.=.=.=.=.=.=.=.=.=.=.=.=.=.=.=.=.=.=.=.=.=.=.=.=.=. =.=.=.=.=.=.=. Here, you may also obtain your desired trailer and accessories upon request and consultation: B L Y S S transporttechnik GmbH Dieselstr. 8 85084 Reichertshofen Tel.: .:.:.:.:.:.:.:.:.:.:.:.:.:.:.:.:.:.:.:.:.:.:.:.:.:.:.:.:.:.:.:.: .:.:.:.:.:.:.:.:.:.:.:.:.:.:.:.:.:.:.:.:.:.:.:.:.:.:.:.: B L Y S S transporttechnik GmbH Sonnenbergstr. 5a 38723 Seesen Tel. =.=.=.=.=.=.=.=.=.=.=.=.=.=.=.=.=.=.=.=.=.=.=.=.=.=.=.=.=.=.=.=. =.=.=.=.=.=.=. ?FINANCING OR LEASING AVAILABLE Vehicle number (for customer enquiries)

Stanje: rabljeno, konfiguracija osi: 2 osi, prva registracija: 02/2011, skupna dolžina: 5.790 mm, skupna širina: 2.550 mm, vzmetenje: jeklo-zrak, velikost pnevmatike: 315/70R22.5, medosna razdalja: 3.550 mm, barva: rjava, Leto izdelave: 2011, Oprema: ABS, = Additional Options and Accessories = - Traction control (ASR) - Roof spoiler Lhsdpfxjwahwdj Ab Hsd - Electric windows - Refrigerator - Sun visor - Cruise control = Notes = Scania P280 First registration: 25-02-2011. in combination with: TRAVEL SUPREME INC First registration: 10-11-2006. Max weight: 9,000 kg. Trailer is used as a mobile training room. 2 x slide-outs. Toilet. Kitchen. Stove. Ovens. Fridge. Heater. = Further Information = Tyre size: 315/70R22.5 Brakes: Disc brakes Front axle: Steered; Tyre tread left: 75%; Tyre tread right: 75%; Suspension: Leaf springs Rear axle: Twin tires; Tyre tread left inner: 80%; Tyre tread left outer: 80%; Tyre tread right inner: 80%; Tyre tread right outer: 80%; Suspension: Air suspension Unladen weight: 7,470 kg Payload: 1,530 kg Gross vehicle weight: 9,000 kg Model number: P 280 + trailer - 2 X SLIDE OUT = Company Information = ALL PRICES ARE NET FOR EXPORT, Joris Versteijnen (NL-DE-GB) Wouter Greutink (NL-DE-GB-ES-IT) We speak Russian. We strive to provide accurate information but no rights can be derived from the listed texts.

Stanje: rabljeno, prevoženi kilometri: 45.322 km, moč: 140 kW (190,35 KM), število postelj: 4, vrsta goriva: dizel, vrsta prenosa: samodejen, barva: bela, prva registracija: 08/2023, skupna dolžina: 5.140 mm, skupna širina: 1.928 mm, skupna višina: 1.956 mm, konfiguracija osi: 2 osi, emisijski razred: Euro 6, skupna masa: 3.100 kg, Oprema: ABS, centralno zaklepanje, elektronski program stabilnosti (ESP), filter saj, klimatska naprava, navigacijski sistem, Errors and prior sale excepted! Ledjvlvbvspfx Ab Hehd Internal number: 0601.4268935 ----EQUIPMENT * DISTRONIC Active Distance Assist * Pop-up roof painted black * Exterior and interior mirrors automatically dimming * Exterior mirrors, automatically folding * Active Brake Assist * Chassis: Sport suspension – for a dynamic and agile driving experience – lowered by 15 mm * Fly/insect screen for sliding window * Tailgate: EASY-PACK electrically operated tailgate * Rear window – separately opening rear window * Heated windscreen washer system * Camera: 360-degree camera * Large fuel tank, approx. 70 litres * LED Intelligent Light System with variable beam distribution & active cornering light function – tail, brake, and indicator lights in LED technology * Leather steering wheel * Navigation accessories: Live Traffic Information * Side awning, anthracite * Navigation Plus * Navigation: free map data updates for 3 years * Night Package: exterior mirrors painted black – radiator grille painted black – pop-up roof painted black * Park Package with 360° camera * Mirror Package – automatically dimming interior mirror – automatically dimming exterior mirror – electric folding exterior mirror – surround lighting in exterior mirrors * Lane Package – Blind Spot Assist – Lane Keeping Assist * Sport Exterior Package HORIZON and Marco Polo – alloy wheels – brake callipers with "Mercedes-Benz" lettering – sport suspension * PARKTRONIC – supports the driver during parking and manoeuvring through visual and audible warnings * Electric sliding/tilting roof * Mattress for lower bed * Seats: Lumbar support for driver/passenger seat * Seat heating on driver/passenger side * Telephone: Smartphone Integration Package * Blind Spot Assist * Surround lighting in exterior mirrors * Traffic Sign Assist * ATTENTION ASSIST * Passenger airbag – driver's airbag – thorax bag – pelvis side bag for driver/passenger – window bag for driver and passenger * Ambient lighting Marco Polo cupboard module * Anti-lock Braking System (ABS) * Increased gross vehicle weight to 3,100 kg * Entry lights * Exterior mirrors heated and electrically adjustable with integrated indicator * Outside temperature display * Illuminated front footwell * Hill start assist * Floor: light yacht flooring * Third brake light * Adaptive brake lights * Tinted glass in rear compartment, privacy glass * Overhead console comfort unit * Roof bed * Roof lining * Diesel particulate filter * Electronic tachometer * Headlight assist * Rear windows: fixed left, opening right * Windows in rear door/tailgate * Right front window in sliding door * Electric window lifts for driver/passenger * Electric parking brake * Generator 14 V/250 A including generator management * 9G-TRONIC PLUS automatic transmission * Seat belt warning system for driver/passenger * HOLD function * Entry grab handle * Lockable glove compartment lid * Tailgate * Headliner: porcelain * Child safety locks on rear doors * Semi-automatic climate control * Luggage compartment lighting * Instrument cluster with colour display * Comfort driver/passenger seat, rotatable, incl. headrests * Paint: solid * Steering wheel height and reach adjustable * MBAC – Mercedes-Benz Advanced Control – control of many camping functions, such as water level, heating, lighting, and further optionally available equipment (e.g., sunroof, pop-up roof, sound system, etc.) via the central HD touch display * MBUX multimedia system 26 cm (10.25 inches)

Stanje: rabljeno, prevoženi kilometri: 8.800 km, moč: 190 kW (258,33 KM), število postelj: 3, vrsta goriva: dizel, vrsta prenosa: samodejen, barva: rdeča, prva registracija: 06/2021, konfiguracija osi: 3 osi, emisijski razred: Euro 6, skupna masa: 3.250 kg, Oprema: ABS, centralno zaklepanje, klimatska naprava, kopalnica, navigacijski sistem, pogon na vsa štiri kolesa, Mercedes-Benz X 350 d with Harbeck Living Trailer Ledovhu Dbopfx Ab Hjhd Mercedes X-Class - Permissible total weight: 3,250 kg - Reversing camera - Multifunction steering wheel - Tyres: 265 / 65 R 18 Harbeck Living Trailer - Model: SA3500 AL - 4 x hydraulic supports - Large rear storage compartment for 2 motorcycles - Shower - Toilet - Awning - Refrigerator - Sleeping space for 3 - TV with satellite dish on the roof - Tyres: 195/ Errors and prior sale excepted. Internal vehicle number: 9752+9751

Stanje: rabljeno, prevoženi kilometri: 157.148 km, moč: 88 kW (119,65 KM), vrsta goriva: dizel, vrsta prenosa: samodejen, konfiguracija osi: 4x2, medosna razdalja: 3.060 mm, prva registracija: 11/2019, kapaciteta rezervoarja za gorivo: 60 l, Izpusti CO₂: 169 g/km, emisijski razred: Euro 6, barva: srebrn, število sedežev: 3, Leto izdelave: 2019, Oprema: ABS, airbag, centralno zaklepanje, drsna vrata, elektronski program stabilnosti (ESP), klimatska naprava, meglenke, navigacijski sistem, parkirni senzorji, računalnik na krovu, servovolan, sistem za imobilizacijo, tempomat, General Information Number of doors: 6 Model range: May 2018 - June 2022 Cabin: single Registration number: VZK-87-H Technical Information Number of cylinders: 4 Engine displacement: 1,499 cc Transmission: 8-speed automatic Dimensions Length/Height: L2H1 Dimensions (L x W x H): 494 x 184 x 185 cm Ljdpeugk Insfx Ab Hehd Weights Unladen weight: 1,667 kg Payload: 573 kg Gross Vehicle Weight (GVW): 2,240 kg Max. towing capacity: 1,407 kg (unbraked 750 kg) Interior Interior: black Consumption Average fuel consumption: 5.5 l/100km Maintenance, History & Condition Books: Available (dealership serviced) Inspection (APK): valid until 10/2026 Number of keys: 1 (1 remote control) Product Safety Manufacturer: Mazeland Automotive Ekkersrijt 2008 5692BA SON EN BREUGEL, NL = Additional options and equipment = - Heated exterior mirrors - Passenger airbag - Passenger bench seat - Bluetooth hands-free kit - Third brake light - Front electric windows - Electrically folding exterior mirrors - Electrically adjustable exterior mirrors - Electronic brake-force distribution - Driver airbag - Remote central locking - Rear doors - Height-adjustable driver’s seat - Height-adjustable steering wheel - Air conditioning - Front center armrest - Multifunction steering wheel - Fog lights - Front and rear parking sensors - Radio - Reversing camera - Left sliding side door - Right sliding side door - Start/stop system - Immobilizer - Telephone with Bluetooth - Heated windscreen - Partition bulkhead

Stanje: generalkompletno obnovljen (rabljeno), Funkcionalnost: popolnoma funkcionalen, prevoženi kilometri: 39.485 km, moč: 150 kW (203,94 KM), vrsta goriva: dizel, vrsta prenosa: mehanski, medosna razdalja: 3.570 mm, lastna masa: 7.100 kg, največja dovoljena obremenitev: 7.490 kg, prva registracija: 01/1988, barva: zelen, voznikova kabina: dnevna kabina, število sedežev: 2, število prejšnjih lastnikov: 1, Leto izdelave: 1988, številka stroja/vozila: WDB67718315253669, Oprema: celoletne pnevmatike, meglenke, pogon na vsa štiri kolesa, servovolan, spojka prikolice, žerjav, Benefit from our 20 years of automotive experience. Fair and transparent! - We are happy to accept your vehicle as a trade-in - Offered here is a Mercedes 1120 with box body. Current weight: 7,490 kg, can be uprated if required. The vehicle is ready for delivery (except for interior conversion, which we can offer at additional cost according to your preferences). Includes access hatch to the driver’s cab, 670 x 850 mm, with lock and bellows. Cabin is spring-mounted. The Mercedes is a former municipal vehicle, all maintenance has been performed, accident-free. New roadworthiness inspection. All-wheel drive, oversized tires, reduction gearbox, 2 differential locks and a 400L diesel tank! Lhsdpfsrq Iw Rjx Ab Hod The chassis has been sandblasted, and all filters and oils have been changed. Prepped for a 10cm double floor. Details: Cab dimensions: 5,300 x 2,400 x 2,300 mm (LxWxH, 50mm PU foam panel) 2.2 mm reinforced laminate PET frame, thermal bridge-free, zinc-plated mounting frame, internal protection profiles 80 x 80 x 5mm Outbound windows with insect screens and blinds Entrance door 700 x 1,850 mm, 3-point stainless steel locking system LED marker lights, front headlights/work lights Orthopedic seats Two service hatches, 1,000 x 700 mm with lock and gas struts Garage partition Pull-out entry platform 1,300 x 600 mm, prepped for scissor stairs Rear carrier with platform for motorcycle and electric winch + spare wheel bracket, roof rack with branch deflector Underrun protection Two air outlets for air seats etc. If you need more information or photos, please contact us. We carry out conversions for you! Whether full conversions, air conditioning, air suspension, tires or vehicle wrapping – we have a suitable solution for every conversion. Through our extensive network of dealers and workshops, we can also source the right vehicle or desired conversion for you. Benefit from our many years of experience. Please feel free to contact us! Of course, this also applies to vehicles not purchased from us. Financing available for up to 150 months with no down payment! Up to 2 years warranty! Vehicle location: Von Eye Trade – Automotive & Caravan Auf der Plaße 4 32469 Petershagen Please call ahead to confirm the vehicle is still available before visiting! Viewings by appointment only. The information provided online is a non-binding description. Input errors and mistakes reserved. The information given does not constitute a guaranteed characteristic.